Indian Art in the Mughal Era Free Essays

Accounting Sustainability and Reporting.

Question: Talk about the Accounting Sustainability and Reporting. Answer: Presentation Maintainability alludes to finding some kind of harmony between present needs and the future needs and as needs be settling on out a choice for utilization of the assets. With regards to improvement or utilization of assets, the maintainability implies expending assets capably by contemplating the future needs (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burritt, 2006). The business associations devour scant ecological asset, not many of which are hard to be reestablished. Along these lines, these associations ought to expect an awareness of other's expectations to utilize the scant ecological assets in a viable and effective way. The controllers around the globe are currently being effectively occupied with encircling the guidelines and guidelines to accomplish supportability in the turns of events. Significant strides at the worldwide level are being taken to improve the economical business advancements. In such manner, one of the significant advances taken by the controllers is convincing the business associations to receive manageability bookkeeping and revealing practices (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burritt, 2006). Manageability bookkeeping and announcing rehearses are coordinated to report the means taken by the organizations towards maintainability issues. The organizations have been commanded by the administration guidelines to contribute towards nature and society for advancing manageability (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). The idea of corporate social duty rose which requires the organizations to contribute towards the advancement of society and the earth. The supportability bookkeeping is a wide idea that accommodate adjusting the manageability activities to the authoritative procedures. Manageability bookkeeping includes covering the maintainability activities, yet it additionally includes assessment of the dangers and dangers to nature and estimation of the companys execution from ecological point of view. The issues of maintainability are being considered at the worldwide level requiring the organizations to embrace these practices. The appropriation of manageable strategic policies is viewed as helpful not for a firm in particular yet for the general monetary condition at the worldwide level (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). The report introduced here is planned for investigating the noteworthiness of manageability bookkeeping and detailing rehearses in the general financial advancement of a nation. So as to accomplish this point, the report will address the accompanying targets: Looking at the necessities of manageability bookkeeping and revealing practices for the organizations and generally speaking economy. Analyzing the worth increments made to the enterprises by the supportability bookkeeping and revealing practices (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). Investigating the effect of appropriation of supportability bookkeeping and revealing practices on the general economy of a nation (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). This examination report covers a far reaching writing survey to accumulate the perspectives on existing written works on supportability bookkeeping and announcing. Further, the report takes on information examination on the topic of the exploration to discover real effect on the organizations and economy. In such manner, the report accurately depicts the philosophy used to gather and investigate the information. Further, a conversation taking the perspective on existing literary works and the discoveries of the information investigation has been done trailed by a brief end being drawn. Writing Review The writing survey segment of the whole research report is urgent. In this area, the specialist gets the information on existing literary works on the topic of research, which is important to comprehend the establishment of the examination (Jesson, 2011). Further, the audit of writing additionally supports up the certainty of the specialist by giving a solid establishment to information assortment and examination. The ebb and flow examine centers around maintainability bookkeeping and revealing, in this way, the survey of existing literary works centers around this point. So as to complete the survey of literary works fittingly, the whole topic has been bifurcated into various heads as talked about beneath. Explanations behind Evolution of Sustainability Reporting and Accounting Practices As indicated by Soderstrom (2013), customarily, the bookkeeping and announcing rehearses in the organizations could be seen as concentrating on imparting the budgetary data and operational information to the partners. Be that as it may, the way toward bookkeeping and announcing has experienced a serious change to remember the revealing for the supportability issues. Throughout the most recent two decades, an exceptional change in the methodologies of answering to the partners has been seen (Soderstrom, 2013). The administration guidelines made it obligatory for the companies to cover the corporate maintainability in their yearly reports. The starting point of supportability announcing can be followed in route back 1960s and 1970s; notwithstanding, the ubiquity was less. According to the study directed by one of the universes biggest bookkeeping firms, Earns Young, just 1% of the 500 fortune organizations were seen as covering the social and ecological supportability in the mid 1970s in the United States (Soderstrom, 2013). As indicated by Zu (2008), in the mid 1990s, triple main concern revealing was acquainted with advance manageability (Zu, 2008). The triple primary concern model of detailing was basically planned for adjusting the three critical parts of the business, for example, society, condition, and productivity. This model given that the business ought focus on the benefits, yet equivalent accentuation ought to likewise be given to the social and ecological angles. Further, the triple primary concern announcing model additionally asserts that the productivity of the organization consequently increments when appropriate harmony between the requirements of investors, society, and the earth is kept up. This model incredibly accentuated the job of society and condition in building the organizations business and upgrading the organizations esteem over the long haul (Zu, 2008). Further, in the year 1997, the Global Reporting Initiative, a non-benefit association was established, which given to rules with respect to supportability bookkeeping and revealing by the organizations (GRI, 2008). It was the expanded requirement for supportability that laid the foundation of Global Reporting Initiative in the last 1990s. As indicated by Gupta Mason (2014), the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) gives detailing systems which help the partnerships in consenting to the lawful revealing necessities with respect to manageability. Worldwide Reporting Initiatives (GRI) has given G3 rules which spread three center territories of manageability, for example, monetary, social, and condition. Gupta Mason (2014), further express that revealing under the G3 rules enables the organizations to improve straightforwardness and generosity in the market which at last influences the value of the organization emphatically (Gupta Mason, 2014). As indicated by Daizy Das (2014), Sustainability detailing has become some portion of the vital dynamic in the organizations. Both, the board just as different partners, for example, investors, society, and the legislature are profited in a few or other manner by the supportability detailing rehearses. The essential explanation behind supportability announcing is to guarantee that the endeavors made by the enterprises towards manageability are estimated and imparted to the partners (Daizy Das, 2014). Further, in the perspectives on Daizy Das (2014), the organizations can improve their operational effectiveness and guarantee development in the investors esteem over the long haul by actualizing and keeping up the supportability revealing practices. In this way, aside from being an administrative necessity, the manageability revealing is additionally critical for the drawn out development (Daizy Das, 2014). Further, manageability revealing helps the administration in examining the non money related factors and discovering effect of those variables on the organizations benefit. In the current situation, it has been extremely relevant to quantify and assess the effect of non money related factors, for example, society and condition on the monetary exhibition of the firm (Daizy Das, 2014). It is obligatory for the organizations to ceaselessly contribute towards the social and natural manageability and evaluate its effect on the organizations money related execution. This appraisal can be completed with the assistance of organized information which is set up through the manageability bookkeeping and revealing practices. In this manner, supportability bookkeeping and revealing assumes a pivotal job in investigation and dynamic, regardless of whether it is being finished by the administration for inner purposes or by the investors (Daizy Das, 2014). Selection of Sustainability Reporting and Accounting Practices by the Corporations The manageability announcing has become an integral part of money related detailing for the vast majority of the organizations in the 21st century (CPA, 2013). The selection of manageability revealing has been advanced in light of the fact that controllers made is compulsory, yet increasingly because of its suffering focal points. The supportability revealing gives advantages to all kind of organizations and specifically the enormous companies are profited as upgraded investors certainty, improved altruism in the market, and improved operational proficiency. Further, there are numerous other roundabout points of interest of receiving the maintainability detailing rehearses, for instance, investment funds in asset utilization, cost decrease, squander decrease, and improved relationship with administrative bodies (CPA, 2013). According to Faisal, Tower, Rusmin (2012), around 250 organizations from everywhere throughout the world have embraced the corporate supportability announcing rehearses and giving a different report on the social and natural activities (Faisal, Tower, Rusmin, 2012). The huge enterprises and dad

Drawing The Color Line Essay Paper Example For Students

Drawing The Color Line Essay Paper The creator Howard Zion reveals to us how the Americans were straightforward inclined to having slaves in view of the conditions they looked in the mid 1 seventh century. It was a time of starvation Howard Zion reveals to us that the Virginians of 1619 were urgent for work, to develop food to remain alive. Among these individuals were likewise the overcomers of the 1609-1610 the destitute time. This was a timeframe were the pioneer were edgy for food and would do anything for instance they uncovered graves to eat the bodies, Another episodes was the point at which a man slew his significant other and charming her onto numerous pieces and Ted upon her till he had eaten everything except for her head. This was caused in light of the fact that a significant number of the pioneers werent used to working and didnt even ability. They didnt need to work, there was a period were john smith needed to constrain the pioneer to work in the fields just to have the option to endure. The requirement for work drove the pioneer to accept that Black slaves were the appropriate response , it was normal to consider imported dark slaves on the grounds that by 1619 a million slaves had just been brought from Africa to South America. They were restricted roar deck all together, with no space by any means. They werent even ready to go to the side. The smell on the boat was horrendous. It was awful to the point that the slaves escaped to suffocate. The slaves would be held in confines and would be binded together _ Blacks slaves were the appropriate response since they couldnt get the Indians to work for them. They couldn't keep them oppressed on the grounds that they were extreme, creative, rebellious, and at home in their own territory. While the dark slaves had been torn from their way of life and their property. In addition to the fact that they were constrained into a circumstance where everything was unique, however they were torn from their families. They looniest even had a framework that was both Psychological and Physical to attempt to teach the slaves. The slaves once in a while submitted readily. The dark slaves opposed and attempted to flee they wouldnt surrender. Despite the fact that there was laws in attempting to prevent the blacks from fleeing, they despite everything fled. There were laws made that if anybody somehow happened to discover dark slave they ought to do to them what they feel be fitting, Man slaves were killed or copied in the book there was a case were a dark slave was copied in a moderate fire for 8-10 hours. Now and again both white and dark slaves ran way together yet the enmeshment wouldnt be a similar white would just stretch out there period to filling in as slaves and the dark balms were hanged or murdered. And still, at the end of the day they could see prejudice how the whites that carried out a similar wrongdoing would get treated distinctively then the dark slaves. The dark balms couldnt do anything other than being slaves, so suspected the white individuals. Indeed, even the white hirelings were dealt with various, in addition to the fact that they were working for a set timeframe, however they were treated as people and they had rights, and would get land and pay toward the finish Of their term. The White individuals supported their own slave exchange in light of the fact that in Africa bondage existed as well. This was not a decent legitimization in light of the fact that a slave broker named John Newton expressed that the manner in which the slaves in Africa were dealt with much better and no man was permitted to draw blood no even from a slave. The pioneer were brutal to the dark slaves. Aha decrease of the captives to not exactly human status by the utilization of racial contempt, with the tireless clearness dependent on shading, where the white was experts and the dark was slave. Indeed, even back in the mid seventeenth century we saw prejudice. Another model was that the shading dark as indicated by the Oxford English .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f , .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .postImageUrl , .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f , .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:hover , .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:visited , .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:active { border:0!important; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:active , .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:hover { darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u45be437b 0d2d896b654e95452338081f .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u45be437b0d2d896b654e95452338081f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Legend of Van Gogh: Are there a few van Goghs? EssayDictionary it implied Deeply recolored with earth; grimy, messy, foul. Having dull or destructive purposes, threatening; relating to or including passing, lethal. Risk to discipline, and so on , and the white was frequently used to portray excellence. Additionally that the best tear was that the white workers would join the dark hirelings to topple existing request, This all returns to the start of the book and the inquiry that the writer Howard Zion pose to How can it start? , How may it end? what's more, Is it workable for whites and blacks to live respectively with out contempt?

Functional Analysis of Capsim Business Simulation Essay

Useful Analysis of Capsim Business Simulation - Essay Example Moreover, the paper examinations how every one of the utilitarian unit coordinates and cooperates with other useful units. At long last, the paper gives my proposals to a business head in dealing with a $40 million assembling business. The reproduction gives an uncommon possibility in encountering how dealing with a full business while using the advantages of reports helps in demonstrating the relationships existing between the results in a business and the administration choices (Forgang, 2004). The units of the reenactment incorporate creation, showcasing, fund, explore and advancement (R&D), Human assets and (TQM) absolute characteristics the executives (Bossche, Gijselaer and Milter, 2011). Creation includes the practices that organizations display at the commercial centers concerning the making of merchandise alongside administrations. This is for the most part accomplished to fulfill their shopper needs (Dusseau and Wilson, 2010). The creation chiefs associated with a busin ess ought to take part in fathoming the connections that exist between the business stock levels and their conveying costs alongside their pieces of the pie (Dusseau and Wilson, 2010). They ought to likewise comprehend the relationship existing between their creation limits and the quantity of overabundance hours that their representatives need to work to accomplish their objectives (Sitomer, 2010). This is on the grounds that a business may wind up acquiring misfortunes in their tasks when their costs in providing food for the additional time hours worked and the expense of this work surpasses their income (Clawson and Haskins, 2006). The creation chiefs in a business will be answerable for delivering advantageous outcomes through their endeavors of robotizing the creation forms and expanding their assembling limits (Forgang, 2004). Promoting, in an assembling situation, alludes to the procedures through which organizations enjoy making an incentive for their clients while simultan eously constructing solid associations with them (Wankel, Arthur and Stoner, 2009). It additionally includes making arrangements alongside connections that will either be of long or momentary advantage to the business (Dusseau and Wilson, 2010). The advertising chief in a business will be liable for fathoming the relationship that exists between their edges on costs alongside commitments and costs alongside request (Forgang, 2004). They will likewise be liable for understanding the connections existing between the advancements of their financial plan alongside expanding mindfulness for the business items. The advertising director and his group ought to be accused of the errand of setting up the business deals spending plan and openness to these assets (Sitomer, 2010). The promoting division in a business might be influenced by the new items that are being propelled by the exploration and improvement offices since they had not been represented in their activities and are obscure in t he market (Wankel, Arthur and Stoner, 2009). The exercises of these divisions can likewise be influenced by a business’s creation limit alongside the costs it causes in its activities (Dusseau and Wilson, 2010). Funds in a business are utilized as measures for finding out whether a business is making benefits on its speculations or not. Funds in a business are principally influenced by their time esteems since they change on an everyday premise (Sitomer, 2010). Organizations apportion their cash and advantages for specific uses however under states of vulnerability or sureness (Bossche, Gijselaer

8 Lesson Plans to Promote Lifelong Learning - Focus

8 Lesson Plans to Promote Lifelong Learning - Focus A little while ago, the European Parliament recommended a list of 8 key competencies which they believe all educational institutions should provide their students with, to promote lifelong learning. These key competencies consist of knowledge, skills, and attitudes which are central to the development of well-rounded children, young people and eventually adults. It’s hoped that taking a cross-curricular approach, known as phenomenon-based learning, will support the development of a cohesive and engaged society, made up of active and knowledgeable citizens. It’s a big aim, but across the world, education specialists are getting on board with this approach to lifelong learning. Promoting Lifelong Learning in  8 Lesson Ideas Finland isn’t the first country to recognize the value of ‘lifelong learning’ but  Finland is the first country to base their teaching curriculum around the eight key competencies. Instead of focusing on classic academic subjects, like History or English, Finnish schools will now structure lessons around broader, cross-cutting and interdisciplinary “topics”. Speaking on why Finland decided to make this shift towards lifelong learning, Pasi Sahlberg, Visiting Professor at the Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, said: “educators in Finland think, quite correctly, that schools should teach what young people need in their lives…What Finnish youth need more than before are more integrated knowledge and skills about real world issues” As Professor Sahlberg explains, the key competencies don’t focus on knowledge acquisition and test score results, but on developing skills for longer term learning, with an emphasis on social and emotional development. So there’s a run down of the theories behind the key lifelong learning competencies. For teachers looking to put these theories into practice, here are the eight key competences with an accompanying lesson idea for each.  This way, you’re able to take this teaching directly to your classroom, using mind mapping: 1.  Communication in the mother tongue Communication skills are hugely important in enabling children and young people to both express themselves and develop positive relationships. They’re also important for employability.    A  UK study found that 98% of business leaders think communication and teamwork skills are necessary for people entering the workplace.  However, only 32% believe that schools are doing enough to equip pupils with these lifelong learning skills. This competence covers written and reading comprehension too. It’s been found that mind mapping offers a more natural way for the brain to absorb and comprehend information, in comparison to linear text. To  develop the language skills of students, try using this reading comprehension template map with students. This mind map will help to break down the different aspects of a book you’re studying. You could create a similar mind map collaboratively in class, to develop your students’ spoken communication skills too. To use any template mind maps within this article, simply sign into MindMeister (or sign up free) and maximize the map via the ‘map actions’ icon. Once maximized, click again on the ‘map actions’ icon and choose to clone the map. From there, you can edit or embellish the topics to make the map suitable for your classrooms age and stage. 2.  Communication in foreign languages As explained previously in the MindMeister series, How to Learn A Second Language with Mind Maps Part 1 and Part 2, mind mapping is the ideal way to develop proficiency in a foreign language. By presenting information in a visual way, mind mapping has been found to improve memory retention. As a result, mind mapping makes the lifelong learning skill of acquiring a second language easier, faster and more fun. For your next language lesson, set your students the task of creating a mind map on learning conversational vocab at their level. Ask them to create a topic for each key category such as food, clothing, directions, shopping etc. and try including visual cues that students can then associate with the new words. Acquiring foreign languages will hopefully be something your students will go on to do throughout their lifetime. By providing them with the skills to learn foreign vocab now, youll subsequently provide them with a lifelong learning skill, which they can go on to utilize in both the workplace and for holidays abroad. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit German Food Vocabulary on MindMeister. Introduce mind mapping in your classroom! Get started with MindMeister Its free! Get started with MindMeister 3. Mathematical competence and basic competences in science and technology Science and maths can be unfairly branded by students as boring subjects. However, it’s really important that students leave school with at least a basic level of arithmetic to navigate everyday situations. Similarly, students must develop the lifelong learning skill to analyze studies and methodologies. With the breadth of inaccurate news available online, its essential that students are able to critically assess whether information is neutral and well-grounded. If you’re trying to make science and maths seem more fun, try asking students to create their next lab report and methodology study via a mind map. You could provide them with the template below or ask them to create their own from scratch. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Lab Report on MindMeister. 4. Digital competence The development of technology and access to the internet has brought huge opportunities to our children and young people but has also brought threats. As a result, this competency is not only about developing the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills of students. Its also about providing them with the skills and knowledge to be responsible and critical internet users. By utilizing mind mapping as a digital learning tool, you will develop your students’ understanding and abilities in ICT. This will enable students to not only create mind maps  but to learn to collaborate with class mates on their maps and create engaging presentations. In order to develop your students’ understanding of how to use the internet critically and responsibly, try using ChildNet’s free online safety teaching resources. Ask students to create a collaborative mind map on the projector focusing on one of the topics mentioned. For example, they could present on how we should think carefully about what we share publicly over social media channels. Subsequently, this lifelong learning competence should help to keep your students safe  while navigating the online world. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Staying Safe on Social Media on MindMeister. 5. Learning to learn As Jesse Berg, visual learning specialist, recently explained in his article on differentiated learning, mind mapping provides a universal thinking strategy which enables students to organize ideas and can be applied to just about any topic. By laying out text, concepts, themes and connections in a visual and colorful way, mind mappers utilize their visual, spatial and kinesthetic senses. Jesse Berg found this makes learning easier to understand and information easier retain. By teaching your students how to mind map you can support this lifelong learning competence. Mind mapping provides your students with a fun, easy and memorable method which will help to instill a love of learning in your students. One lesson idea for developing this competence is  to ask students to create a mind map on study skills in class. Ask students to insert a YouTube video on study skills at the center of their mind map. This can be done via the video insert feature on the MindMeister sidebar. Students can then press play on the video in the center and create topic branches based on the content of the video as it plays,  ultimately creating a useful study resource. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit The 9 Best Scientific Study Tips on MindMeister. 6.  Social and civil competencies These competencies refer to an understanding of key structures and values such as democracy, justice, equality, citizenship and civil rights. The competencies aim to develop the personal, interpersonal and intercultural abilities of students, providing them with the lifelong learning skills to be active and ethical citizens. For this type of highly personal learning, which could bring up family stories and vary depending on socio-economic situations and beliefs, it’s important that you first create a safe learning environment. The aim is to create a classroom environment where students will listen to one another and know only to disclose personal information and worries when appropriate. In this case, directly to the teacher rather than in front of the whole class. It’s also important to ensure your teaching begins at your students’ level, in terms of prior knowledge. To begin a class focusing on this competence, create a mind map on the projector based on the topic you’re looking to cover. Then, invite students to add details on what they know about the topic so far. You could make each topic on the map a question you’re looking to establish their current understanding on, then ask pupils to contribute what they already know or believe. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Human Rights on MindMeister. 7.  Sense of initiative and entrepreneurship A sense of initiative and entrepreneurship will assist your students in becoming creative, proactive and well-organised young people. This competence should also provide the lifelong learning skills to succeed in the workplace. Try setting your students an entrepreneurial task where they work in small teams to come up with a product. The product should cost less than $5 per item to produce, but students should feel they could either make a profit or support a social cause. Ask them to create a mind map and share it with their whole team, so everyone can contribute to the map. The map should include their research, justifying why the product would have a Unique Selling Point. It could also include details of how they plan to produce and market the product. The groups can then take it in turns to present or ‘pitch’ their idea to the rest of the class. Your students could use MindMeister to  vote on which product they believe to be the best idea. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit The Big Idea on MindMeister. 8. Cultural awareness and expression Creativity and cultural awareness go hand in hand. In order for students to appreciate the value and enjoyment of music, performing arts, literature and visual arts, why not encourage your students to learn about these exciting topics in a creative way. Organize a school trip to a local cultural event, such as an age-appropriate film festival or a Shakespeare theater performance. Ask students to write down their thoughts and reflections for homework. When back in class, ask your students to create a mind map, detailing their opinions on the performance. These could include cast members, character relationships, key themes and perhaps notes on the accompanying music, in order to form the basis of a newspaper review. Ask them to then export the mind map, to convert it into a word document and finalize their review with a headline, subheading and a 1 to 5-star rating. To export a map, simply open the map and click on the bottom right-hand cloud icon. You can then choose the format you would like to export the map in, for example as a Word document, shown below. The below Word document was exported directly from this mind map review  of  Othello, directed by Iqbal Khan. So those are our suggestions on how to bring the eight key competencies for promoting lifelong learning, known as phenomenon-based learning, straight to your classroom. As always, if you have any ideas, questions or comments, please do share them with us in the comments below! Try online mind mapping in your classroom MindMeister for Education From $1 per student! MindMeister for Education If you enjoyed this article you might also like 5 Ways to Apply Project Management Ideas in Your School

Problems With New PSAT Part 2 Score Discrepancies

[Part 2: Score Discrepancies  is the second  of a three part report on the new PSAT.   See Overview,  Part 1: Percentile Inflation,  and Part 3: Lowered Benchmark.  The entire report can also be  downloaded or distributed as a PDF.] Part 2 : Score Discrepancies An historically narrow gap between sophomore and junior performance  does not seem credible and leads to questions about how scoring, scaling, and weighting were performed and reported. Sophomore Versus Junior Score Discrepancies Call Scoring Methodologies into Question Percentile inflation caused by redefinition and re-norming creates unfortunate misinterpretations, but the sources of the change can be readily identified; previous percentile tables can be restated  based on the new definition; the difference between Nationally Representative percentiles and User percentiles can be compared to gauge the difference added there. However,  without further information from College Board it is impossible to know the accuracy of  the 11th and 10th grade percentiles. Our  analysis shows that there are significant problems in the way the numbers are being presented that mask the very thing  the new test was meant to reveal — college readiness and academic progress.   If score results between grades are suspect, it leads to questions about the pilot studies that were  performed and how they inform the scoring for the PSAT and SAT. Expected Versus Observed Score Differences Between Grades Historically, juniors have outperformed sophomores on the PSAT/NMSQT by approximately 5 points per section [see table below]. Translated into SAT scores, the differences between 10th and 11th graders  in 2014 were 48 points, 47 points, and 51 points in Critical Reading, Writing, and Math, respectively. On the new PSAT, however, the reported difference is only 12 points on  Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) and 19 points in Math.  The average difference in 2014 is more than 3 times that seen in 2015. The 2014 grade differences were in line with those seen over the last decade, so they were  not anomalous. The old and new PSAT are different tests, but student growth tends to show up similarly even on different college admission exams. Are Low Score Discrepancies  Due to Differing Testing Populations? Not all sophomores and juniors take the PSAT. Some take the PSAT as mandatory testing; some take the PSAT in order to qualify for National Merit; some take the ACT Aspire instead of the PSAT. If College Boards calculation of a nationally representative sample is correct, though, this years grade differences should be immune from differences in test-taker demographics. Previous PSATs lacked a nationally representative sample, so sophomore to junior comparisons may be distorted by test-taker patterns. A way of removing potential distortion is to look at the results only for repeat testers students who took the test in both school years. College Board has done research on the typical score change  on the old PSAT by analyzing only students who  took the test  as sophomores and repeated the test  as juniors [see table below].  The average increase, expressed in SAT points, was 33 points in Critical Reading, 33 points in  Writing, and 40 points in Math. The figures are still twice what is being shown on PSAT reports as the 10th grade to 11th grade  score differential. Do Content Differences Between Old and New PSATs Provide an Explanation? A remaining  problem is that  the old PSAT is not the new PSAT.   Although the new and old tests cover roughly the same score range and do not have radically different means or standard deviations, we cannot be certain that year-over-year growth is identical. A third set of data is College Board’s own estimates of growth. Below are the College and Career Readiness Benchmarks. College Board assumes that students improve at roughly 30 points from sophomore year PSAT to junior year PSAT and another 20 points from junior year PSAT to SAT. The PSAT figures — which  themselves seem conservative  Ã¢â‚¬â€ are still twice that shown in the 2015 student data. Percentile Data for Sophomores and Juniors May  Prove the Existence of Errors in Presentation, Computation, or Norming The low observed  score differences between 10th and 11th graders do not fit into a historical pattern, match studies of repeat testers, or align with assumed College Board benchmark progress. As improbable as the small point discrepancy is, though,  it  seems impossible to go one step further and state  that sophomores outperform juniors. But this is exactly what the published  percentile tables show [below]. As you move up the scale, the difference between 10th and 11th graders disappears and then turns in favor of the younger students. Read literally, the score tables say that more sophomores than juniors achieved top scores on the PSAT/NMSQT. There have always been talented sophomores who score highly on the PSAT, but as a group, these students should not do better on the PSAT in 10th grade than they do in the 11th. These figures are for the Nationally Representative  groups, so cannot be explained away by saying that the test-taking populations are different. There is  no logical  statistical or content explanation as to how sophomores could actually perform better than juniors. In fact, we should be seeing scores 30-50 points higher per section for juniors.  The most likely explanation  is that the surveying and weighting methods used for the PSAT did not properly measure the class year compositions. If we assume this to be the case, though, can we be assured that the studies did any better in measuring the intra-class composition? Will the SAT be immune from the same problems? Can Anything Explain the Low Sophomore/Junior  Score Differences and the Score Inversion? A suspect in the mix is the PSAT 10. Although the content of the PSAT 10 is identical to that of the PSAT/NMSQT, it is positioned as a way for schools to measure how students perform near the end of the sophomore year rather than toward the outset of the year. The PSAT 10 will first be offered between February 22 and March 4, 2016. It is a safe assumption that spring sophomores, adjusted for differences in the testing pool, will score higher than fall sophomores. If College Board statistically accounted for PSAT 10 takers in their figures, the scores for sophomores would be inflated. It seems academically inappropriate to lump PSAT/NMSQT and PSAT 10 scores into the same bucket. The tests are taken at different phases of a students high school progress. In fact, one  reason a PSAT 10 exists is because spring performance differs from fall performance. The only clue that College Board may have made such a combination is reproduced from its  Understanding Scores 2015. Highlighting has been added. Its likely that this reference is simply the result of a production error. The document never makes this reference  again in its 32 pages. In short, all figures likely measure October  performance for sophomores and juniors. This final attempt to explain the  anomalous supremacy of sophomores comes up short. Even had a PSAT 10  explanation proved successful, it would have raised more questions than it answered. Tables surrounding the PSAT are all marked as â€Å"Preliminary.† College Board has made  clear that final scaling for the redesigned SAT (and the PSAT is on the same scale) will not be completed until May 2016. Final concordance tables between old and new tests will replace any preliminary work. If the explanation of  the statistical anomalies is that the paint is not yet dry, it begs the question as to what 3 million students and their educators are to do with the scores they have been presented. The new PSAT reports are the most detailed that have ever existed. They have total scores, section scores, test scores, cross-test scores, sub-scores, Nationally Representative percentiles, User percentiles, SAT score projections, sophomore and junior year benchmarks, and more. Which parts of the reports are reliable and which parts remain under construction? Should educators simply push these reports aside and wait until next year? Should students make test-taking and college c hoice decisions based on these scores? [Continue to  Part 3: Lowered Benchmark]

Analyzing Problems in Sylvias Bar in Birmingham Free Essay Example, 1500 words

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